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Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and ethyl hexyl nitrate additive on biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

K. VENKATESWARLU, B. S. R MURTHY, V. V. SUBBARAO, K. Vijaya KUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第3期   页码 304-310 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0195-9

摘要： Cetane improvers reduce the ignition delay, which in turn reduces the combustion temperatures thereby reduce NO emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) proved to be an effective way to reduce the NO emissions. In this present experimental work, a combination of exhaust gas recirculation and cetane improver ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN) is used to investigate the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder four stroke naturally aspirated direct injection and air cooled diesel engine. Test results show that the brake thermal efficiency increases with the increase in the percentage of EGR which is accompanied by a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperatures, and that bio-diesel with cetane improver under 20% EGR reduces NO emissions by 33% when compared to baseline fuel without EGR. However carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) and smoke emissions increase with an increase in percentage of EGR.

关键词： additive     exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)     emissions     ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)     performance    

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Modeling of Ce(IV) transport through a dispersion flat combined liquid membrane with carrier P507

Liang PEI,Liming WANG,Zhanying MA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第4期   页码 503-509 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0540-1

摘要： A mathematical model for the transport of Ce(IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions through dispersion flat combined liquid membrane (DFCLM) with contain 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (P507) as the carrier, dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution have been studied. This process of facilitated transport, based on membrane technology, is a variation on the conventional technique of solvent extraction and may be described mathematically using Fick’s second law. The equations for transport velocity are derived considering the diffusion of P507 and its metallic complexes through the liquid membrane. In this work, the system is considered to be in a transient state, and chemical reaction between Ce(IV) and the carrier to take place only at the solvent–aqueous interfaces. Model concentration profiles are obtained for the Ce(IV), from which extraction velocities are predicted. The experimental and simulated Ce(IV) extractions showed similar tendencies for a high Ce(IV) concentration and acidity case.The model results indicate that high initial Ce(IV) concentrations and acidity both have detrimental effects on Ce(IV) extraction and stripping. The diffusion coefficient of Ce(IV) in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase are obtained and the values are 6.31 × 10 m ·s and 31.2 μm, respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental results.

关键词： Dispersion flat combined liquid membrane (DFCLM)     dispersion phase     feed phase     2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester     Ce (IV)    

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of CLA-ethyl ester

Yingdi CHEN, Peng XU, Jian CHENG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第1期   页码 102-106 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0536-3

摘要： Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO ) extraction of Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) ethyl ester was investigated at pressures in the range of 9 to 10.5 MPa and temperature gradients ranging from 0°C to 21°C. The content of CLA-ethyl ester in the fraction was analyzed with gas chromatography (GC). The experimental results indicated that the rate of extraction would rise with the increase of pressure when temperature gradient was given. Moreover, the extraction pressure had insignificant influence on the selectivity of CLA-ethyl ester in SC-CO . When pressure was fixed, setting certain temperature gradient can improve the selectivity of CLA-ethyl ester in SC-CO , and CLA-ethyl ester can be concentrated more effectively than without a temperature gradient. The acid value and peroxide value of the fractions were reduced obviously, compared to the raw material. The optimal condition is pressure at 10 MPa and temperature gradient at 11°C.

关键词： supercritical carbon dioxide     extraction     CLA-ethyl ester     temperature gradient    

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Recent advances and challenges of nitrogen/nitrate electro catalytic reduction to ammonia synthesis

《能源前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0908-2

摘要： The Haber-Bosch process is the most widely used synthetic ammonia technology at present. Since its invention, it has provided an important guarantee for global food security. However, the traditional Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process consumes a lot of energy and causes serious environmental pollution. Under the serious pressure of energy and environment, a green, clean, and sustainable ammonia synthesis route is urgently needed. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a green and mild new method for preparing ammonia, which can directly convert nitrogen or nitrate into ammonia using electricity driven by solar, wind, or water energy, without greenhouse gas and toxic gas emissions. Herein, the basic mechanism of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3− RR) to ammonia were discussed. The representative approaches and major technologies, such as lithium mediated electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) electrolysis for NRR, high activity catalyst and advanced electrochemical device fabrication for NO3 − RR and electrochemical ammonia synthesis were summarized. Based on the above discussion and analysis, the main challenges and development directions for electrochemical ammonia synthesis were further proposed.

关键词： electrochemical ammonia synthesis     nitrogen     nitrate     nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia     nitrate reduction reaction (NO–3 RR)    

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硝酸铵膨化理论研究

吕春绪

《中国工程科学》 2001年 第3卷 第9期   页码 58-63

摘要：

描述了硝酸铵膨化过程，计算与测定了其物理化学参数，研究了膨化过程的影响因素，并给出了膨化过程可能的机理。

关键词： 膨化硝酸铵     膨化理论     物理化学参数     影响因素    

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Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide, toluene, and ethyl acetate over the

Zhidan Fu, Lisha Liu, Yong Song, Qing Ye, Shuiyuan Cheng, Tianfang Kang, Hongxing Dai

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第2期   页码 185-196 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1631-5

摘要： The Pd catalyst supported on cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) were prepared. The effect of Pd loading on the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide, toluene, and ethyl acetate over Pd/OMS-2 has been investigated. The results show that the Pd loading plays an important role on the physicochemical properties of the Pd/OMS-2 catalysts which outperform the Pd-free counterpart with the 0.5Pd/OMS-2 catalyst being the best. The temperature for 50% conversion was 25, 240 and 160 °C, and the temperature for 90% conversion was 55, 285 and 200 °C for oxidation of CO, toluene, and ethyl acetate, respectively. The low-temperature reducibility and high oxygen mobility of Pd/OMS-2 are the factors contributable to the excellent catalytic performance of 0.5Pd/OMS-2.

关键词： cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve     oxygen mobility     reducibility     carbon monoxide oxidation     volatile organic compound combustion    

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Scrap Iron Filings assisted nitrate and phosphate removal in low C/N waters using mixed microbial culture

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1358-2

摘要：

• Microbes enhance denitrification under varying DO concentrations and SIF dosages.

关键词： Scrap iron filing     Nitrate removal     Phosphate removal     Mixed culture denitrification     Zero valent iron    

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Large-scale synthesis of isolated Mn2O3 nanotube/fiber with ferric nitrate as catalyst

ZHANG Aifei, LIU Jiping, L? Guangshu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 55-58 doi: 10.1007/s11705-007-0011-y

摘要： Isolated MnO nanotubes and nanofibers were prepared very easily at a large scale with the liquid-phase catalysis method. The MnO nanotubes had dimensions of 30 50 nm (exterior diameter) and 0.2 1.0 ?m (length), approximately. The O nanofibers had dimensions of 10 30 nm (diameter) and 0.4 2.0 ?m (length), approximately. Nano-O with different microstructures including nanotubes, nanofibers and nanoparticles could be selectively synthesized by controlling the contents and proportions of potassium permanganate and ferric nitrate. Ferric nitrate was an ideal catalyst for the preparation of O nanotube/fiber. When cobalt nitrate or nickel nitrate was used as catalyst, only amorphous nano-O was synthesized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result shows that the O nanotube has a crystalline structure different from o-O, t-O, h-O and ?-O.

关键词： different     nickel     exterior diameter     nanotube     XRD    

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New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第11期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1737-6

摘要：

● Factor analysis of ammonium nitrate formation based on thermodynamic theory.

关键词： Ammonium nitrate formation     Thermodynamic theory     Aerosol liquid water content     Source apportionment    

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Energy-efficient recovery of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate by triple-column extractive distillation

Ao Yang, Yang Su, Tao Shi, Jingzheng Ren, Weifeng Shen, Teng Zhou

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 303-315 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2044-z

摘要： An energy-efficient triple-column extractive distillation process is developed for recovering tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate from industrial effluent. The process development follows a rigorous hierarchical design procedure that involves entrainer design, thermodynamic analysis, process design and optimization, and heat integration. The computer-aided molecular design method is firstly used to find promising entrainer candidates and the best one is determined via rigorous thermodynamic analysis. Subsequently, the direct and indirect triple-column extractive distillation processes are proposed in the conceptual design step. These two extractive distillation processes are then optimized by employing an improved genetic algorithm. Finally, heat integration is performed to further reduce the process energy consumption. The results indicate that the indirect extractive distillation process with heat integration shows the highest performance in terms of the process economics.

关键词： extractive distillation     solvent selection     conceptual design     process optimization     heat integration    

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Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

Qi YING

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第3期   页码 348-361 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0343-1

摘要： The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM /PM Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m ·d during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO . In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N O reactions with water vapor and the N O heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N O reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m ·d and are more significant in the rural areas where the O concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.

关键词： secondary nitrate aerosol     N2O5 heterogeneous reaction     process analysis    

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Electrochemical removal of nitrate in industrial wastewater

Dong Xu, Yang Li, Lifeng Yin, Yangyuan Ji, Junfeng Niu, Yanxin Yu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1033-z

摘要： A number of recent studies have demonstrated that electrochemical technologies, including electroreduction (ER), electrocoagulation (EC), and electrodialysis (ED), are effective in nitrate elimination in wastewater due to their high reactivity. To obtain the maximal elimination efficiency and current efficiency, many researchers have conducted experiments to investigate the optimal conditions (i.e., potential, current density, pH value, plate distance, initial nitrate concentration, electrolyte, and other factors) for nitrate elimination. The mechanism of ER, EC and ED for nitrate removal has been fully elucidated. The ER mechanism of nitrate undergoes electron transfer and hydrogenation reduction. The EC pathways of nitrate removal include reduction, coagulation and flotation. The ED pathways of nitrate include redox reaction and dialysis. Although the electrochemical technology can remove nitrate from wastewater efficiently, many problems (such as relatively low selectivity toward nitrogen, sludge production and brine generation) still hinder electrochemical treatment implementation. This paper critically presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art of electrochemical denitrification to enhance the removal efficiency and overcome the shortages, and will significantly improve the understanding of the detailed processes and mechanisms of nitrate removal by electrochemical treatment and provide useful information to scientific research and actual practice.

关键词： Nitrate removal     Electroreduction     Electrocoagulation     Electrodialysis    

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Mercury removal from flue gas using nitrate as an electron acceptor in a membrane biofilm reactor

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1454-y

摘要：

Membrane bioreactor achieved mercury removal using nitrate as an electron acceptor.

关键词： Mercury removal     Oxygen     Ferrous sulfide     Transformation of mercury     Microbial community    

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Synthesis and bulk polymerization kinetics of monomer dehydroabietic acid-(2-acryloyloxy-ethoxy)-ethyl

Haibo ZHANG,Yanping YANG,He LIU,Jie SONG,Shibin SHANG,Zhanqian SONG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第4卷 第1期   页码 97-105 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016115

摘要： A bulk polymerization monomer dehydro- abietic acid-(2-acryloyloxy-ethoxy)-ethyl ester (DHA-DG-AC) was synthesized from dehydroabietic acid (DHA). The chemical structure of DHA-DG-AC was characterized by H NMR, C NMR, MS and FT-IR. The kinetics of the bulk polymerization of DHA-DG-AC was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Two kinds of kinetic model (nth-order model and autocatalytic model) were used to investigate the polymerization process. The results showed that the experimental DSC curves were consistent with the computational data generated by the autocatalytic kinetic model, and the value of was 95.73 kJ·mol .

关键词： dehydroabietic acid     bulk polymerization     kinetics     autocatalytic kinetic model    

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A comparison of the biological activities of ethyl acetate fractions from the stems and leaves of

Zhaolei WANG, Kai JIANG, Qinchao DING, Shujun LIU, Xiaobing DOU, Bin DING

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第7卷 第4期   页码 505-512 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019271

摘要：

Pursh (PCP) is a popular traditional medicinal plant in China, widely used for the treatment of a variety of liver diseases. Although it has been long recognized that the main active elements of PCP are contained in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), little is known so far in terms of the relative effectiveness of EAF derived from the stems versus leaves of this plant. In the current study, we prepared EAF by reflux extraction and sequential extraction from the stems (SEAF) and leaves (LEAF) of PCP and tested their hepatoprotective efficacies. The extract rates and flavonoid contents of LEAF were higher than those of SEAF. EAFs (>50 μg·mL ) prevented lipid accumulation in cells and protected against lipotoxicity injury when the concentration exceeded 25 μg·mL . More than 95% free radicals released by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were eliminated by 25 μg·mL SEAF and 50 μg·mL LEAF, respectively. Further, EAFs (25 μg·mL ) also showed protective antioxidant effects, with the activity of LEAF being significantly higher than that of SEAF. EAFs (10 mg·mL ) also showed similar unspecific bacteriostatic activity. In comparison with SEAF, LEAF contained more flavonoids and had a higher anti-oxidation capability and for these reasons we suggest it should be better for clinical use.

关键词： antibacterial     anti-oxidation     lipid accumulation     lipotoxicity     Penthorum chinense Pursh    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and ethyl hexyl nitrate additive on biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

K. VENKATESWARLU, B. S. R MURTHY, V. V. SUBBARAO, K. Vijaya KUMAR

期刊论文

Modeling of Ce(IV) transport through a dispersion flat combined liquid membrane with carrier P507

Liang PEI,Liming WANG,Zhanying MA

期刊论文

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of CLA-ethyl ester

Yingdi CHEN, Peng XU, Jian CHENG

期刊论文

Recent advances and challenges of nitrogen/nitrate electro catalytic reduction to ammonia synthesis

期刊论文

硝酸铵膨化理论研究

吕春绪

期刊论文

Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide, toluene, and ethyl acetate over the

Zhidan Fu, Lisha Liu, Yong Song, Qing Ye, Shuiyuan Cheng, Tianfang Kang, Hongxing Dai

期刊论文

Scrap Iron Filings assisted nitrate and phosphate removal in low C/N waters using mixed microbial culture

期刊论文

Large-scale synthesis of isolated Mn2O3 nanotube/fiber with ferric nitrate as catalyst

ZHANG Aifei, LIU Jiping, L? Guangshu

期刊论文

New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

期刊论文

Energy-efficient recovery of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate by triple-column extractive distillation

Ao Yang, Yang Su, Tao Shi, Jingzheng Ren, Weifeng Shen, Teng Zhou

期刊论文

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

Qi YING

期刊论文

Electrochemical removal of nitrate in industrial wastewater

Dong Xu, Yang Li, Lifeng Yin, Yangyuan Ji, Junfeng Niu, Yanxin Yu

期刊论文

Mercury removal from flue gas using nitrate as an electron acceptor in a membrane biofilm reactor

期刊论文

Synthesis and bulk polymerization kinetics of monomer dehydroabietic acid-(2-acryloyloxy-ethoxy)-ethyl

Haibo ZHANG,Yanping YANG,He LIU,Jie SONG,Shibin SHANG,Zhanqian SONG

期刊论文

A comparison of the biological activities of ethyl acetate fractions from the stems and leaves of

Zhaolei WANG, Kai JIANG, Qinchao DING, Shujun LIU, Xiaobing DOU, Bin DING

期刊论文